Enviromental impact assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Enviromental sway evaluation - Essay Example In accordance with reasonable turn of events and to stay away from future clashes, the task has fused ecological worries at each stage and has directed a far reaching Environmental Impact Assessment and arranged an attainable Environmental Management Plan that tends to natural concerns, land use clashes just as ecological preservation and assurance measures. Requirement for the undertaking The task was started to misuse the financial capability of the developing populace of West Midlands through the arrangement of business premises that would advance trade and exchange while simultaneously furnishing the occupants with occupations and giving them a totally different shopping experience. It was likewise persuaded by the need to give earth cordial, adaptable, present day and financially savvy open structures and business premises. As had been built up by a past overview supported by the advocate eight years prior, the task is long late. Shirley town in West Midlands has a lack of satis factory and extensive retail outlets, business and private premises to serve the requests of the developing populace and blasting economy. Parkgate retail and private venture will be built in Shirley town focus in West Midlands. ... There will likewise be finished nurseries and a drive way, watch house arranged close to the fundamental door, water reticulation framework with a water siphon, and overhead tanks, toilets, storm water waste framework, sewage seepage framework, and power flexibly frameworks. All units completely adjusted. The chose property is in a quick creating zone inside West Midlands. Legitimate structure The venture and the Environmental Impact Assessment considers the method for leading EIA as set out in Council Directive 85/337/EEC 1985 as altered by board mandate 97/11/EC 1997 and are as of now being actualized all through the United Kingdom through the town and region arranging (Environmental Impact Assessment )Regulations 1999. In accordance with the current enactments, this Environmental Impact Assessment gives a nitty gritty arrangement on the accompanying parts of development extends: The normal natural effects of the undertaking and the intercessions to be taken during and after the ve nture. A far reaching intend to guarantee wellbeing and security of the laborers, the neighboring network and the individuals who get to the site just as a system for the avoidance and the executives of mishaps. The monetary and sociocultural effects of the undertaking to the nearby network and the country on the loose. The area of the venture and the physical territory that might be influenced by venture exercises. The materials to be utilized, the items and the side-effects just as waste to be created and the strategies for removal. Aside from nearby enactment, the task will likewise consider the ILO Conventions sanctioned by the UK government incorporate the wellbeing and wellbeing suggestion of 1988, least age shows of 1973, the enrollment of

Education Essay

â€Å"Education isn’t †¦. placing information into spirits that need it, such as placing sight into daze eyes†¦. The ability to learn is available in everyone’s soul and †¦. the instrument with which each learns resembles an eye that can't be turned around from dimness to light without turning the entire body†¦. Instruction is the specialty worried about doing this very thing, this pivoting, and with how the spirit can most effectively and viably be made to do it†¦.. Instruction underestimates that sight is there yet that it isn’t turned the correct way or looking where it should look, and it attempts to divert it suitably. [518c-518d] This section is from Plato, Republic VII, that discussions about the instruction specifically. Plato underscores the portrayal of instruction essentially of what it is and what it isn't. In the main perusing of this section, you may encounter getting befuddle from the truth of what is training and the side of instruction not seen by man. From the start, the peruser should seriously think about the perspectives in this entry as bound together to frame a solitary idea or something else, to coordinate two distinct accentuations in one brought together idea. Solitary contemplations seeing logical inconsistencies and judgment may likewise emerge. The characteristic factor spinning in this entry is the worth implanted in the word training. During the hours of acclaimed savants, Socrates and Plato, astuteness is surely as significant as gold. The estimation of human keenness is unmistakably more than the estimation of a palace. That is the way they give significance in accomplishing astuteness. Instruction is everything for them. There are different focuses that distinguish the importance of Plato’s Education that is being tended to not exclusively to Socrates yet in addition to the peruser itself. Breaking down the entry uncovers two restricting thoughts inserted in this Plato’s point of view. Let us attempt to analyze the section, piece by piece. â€Å"Education underestimates that sight is there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this part, Plato accentuates two distinct terms especially Education and Sight. Instruction is a significant angle in our general public. As per the book, The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality, composed by Wakefield (1983), the entry in Plato’s The Republic 518d uncovers that an object of instruction is the ethical scholarly â€Å"turning of the spirit. † The Christians are utilizing this entry so as to saturate legitimization in their strict conviction of reestablished life. With respect to the Christians, they accept that acknowledgment of the Lord Jesus Christ can reestablish your life gave you are willing and humble enough to admit every one of your wrongdoings. This conviction requires instruction for you to know about such presence. As the term suggests, instruction can cause â€Å"turning of the spirit. † Awareness is the basic blessing that training brings to an individual, henceforth uncovering to the individual the things the person has to know (p. 96). The term sight alludes legitimately to what can the eyes see. It is the sensorial and physical viewpoint of what training is. As the colloquialism infers, To see is to Believe. † The start of intelligence isn't by observing however by accepting. The sight can just assistance you see what is genuinely present in any case, it doesn't uncover to you the standards, essentials and ideas that are to be sure imperceptible to our eyes. Not all things are possible to the eyes. The world might be available simply the manner in which it is seen by our unaided eyes, anyway think about those things not yet uncovered to us: those things that at the same time we thought fantasies, stories and legends. Are these things bogus, human creative mind, or just made up by the lively personalities of our predecessors? Or on the other hand, truth? The negating ideas of sight and mindfulness through instruction crash on account of material truth as opposed to expecting truth. As per the section, gives truth dependent on recognizable substances or materials as well as those things that are unperceivable by any of our sensations. In any case, sight gives truth dependent on the material nearness, real presence and ability to be seen by the faculties. This, notwithstanding, is underestimated by training. It punctures directly into those things that are existing and uncovers those things that are existing yet, not existing to the eyes. In any case, that it isn’t turned the privilege way†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The word â€Å"that† relates to training and not the sight. Instruction in this perspective is being diverted, not by sight nor some other methods demonstrated. There are no referenced apparent components that encourage the redirection of instruction. Indeed, this is unexpected in the main explanation. As dissected in the principal proclamation, instruction delivers mindfulness in any case; in the following parts, it becomes diverted. If so, at that point disarray is currently present. On the off chance that rationale is applied, at that point this implies instruction is getting a diverted mindfulness. This condition shows in certain purposes of our lives. We felt that mindfulness brought by training is as of now the valid and last mindfulness; notwithstanding, at long last, we wind up understanding that convictions of our own are misinterpretations. These aren't right convictions that at the same time we thought the proper thing to follow. We move in this entry of diverted mindfulness. The following section follows up, â€Å"Or looking where it should glance †¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this expression, the circumstance of instruction turns out to be very evolving. Instruction is compared to an individual who can think back to the spot that the individual ought to be. For this situation, mindfulness happens in mindfulness as training understands its heading. Training produces acknowledgment and this acknowledgment encourages attention to be redirected† is a finished proclamation of Irony if rationale is applied. There are clear circumstance in which this case shows in our lives. These conditions are those things that we do yet, we understand that we shouldn't do this. Nonetheless, out of squeezing conditions, we are compelled to do such activity, and the main thing that we can do is to think back and consider the things that we are assume to do. Education’s mindfulness doesn't generally satisfy its motivation of digressing our direction. It causes us understand in light of the fact that we know yet acknowledging is not quite the same as diverting. In this stage, what we know is correct. It isn't any longer misguided judgment since we know and we have defended its fact. The main issue is we don't place vigorously those things that we know. In conclusion, â€Å"and it attempts to divert it appropriately†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It is the beginning of redirection. In this stage, truth, acknowledgment and dynamic at last happens. Training chooses to realize the truth of what is truly occurring and invalidating the impact of wrong bearings. In the last stages, first, truth is absent and different factors too. Second, truth is as of now present just as acknowledgment notwithstanding, redirection isn't yet starting. In this stage, it is the beginning of new life. Instruction truly implies â€Å"turning of the spirit. † The procedure that includes is extremely sensitive and apparent also. The conditions in this stage happen in our lives. There are cases wherein we understand reality of the circumstance, and afterward continues in the ID of those affecting components that gave an inappropriate truth. In the wake of discovering them, we examine and give answers for right this misguided judgment source. The result of this revision, be that as it may, doesn't create flawlessness of activities. Misguided judgment is remedied by the truth of truth. Notwithstanding, truth differs from individuals to people’s recognition and conclusion. This condition may put an individual into subjugation of supposed truth. Once more, we can think about this as misinterpretation, anyway another case happens wherein we become mindful of reality yet we can't get away from the confusions trapping our versatility. In the event that we recognize these entrapping factors and choose in ourselves to be liberated from these entanglements, at that point we are to be sure moving, diverting and getting suitable. Training in the old fashioned shows a man’s pattern of being caught from wrong truth and diverting out from this snare. This condition brings the perfect and right facts be that as it may, at long last it is as yet people. We hold our own lives. We hold our choices. We hold our future. Mindfulness is their standing by to be heard and holding back to be seen. In this manner, experiencing confusion isn't generally a reason too us numbness, thus the adage â€Å"ignorance doesn't pardon any individual from the law† is to be sure evident. It is our part to do the â€Å"turning of soul. † Education isn't all that matters. By having the correct instruction and our activities joint together is viewed as the satisfaction of all that we should do. Plato is at long last is directly about his entry.

10 SEO Techniques That Can Be Used In the Real World

10 SEO Techniques That Can Be Used In the Real World Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!10 SEO Techniques That Can Be Used In the Real WorldUpdated On 18/05/2014Author : Kristian UrosevicTopic : SEOShort URL : http://hbb.me/1kdE4vS CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogFor the internet savvy, its all about data, data, data. We want to know how many visitors are viewing our pages, and what theyre reading, where they came from, why they left, whether they converted, and if not, why they left the site prematurely. The irony of our obsession with recording these metrics is that theyve been around for a very long time, and theyre even more powerful when being conducted in real life business settings.The following is a list of 10 common SEO practices and how theyre applicable to business in the physical realm.10 SEO techniques that can be performed in a real-world setting:Targeted TrafficTechnique 1: Surround your own business with other similar but uncompetitive bu sinessesThis is perhaps one of the most common missteps a business can make when setting foot on a physical property. Consider a shopping center in which all of the businesses are selling high quality expensive Persian rugs. The differences between the rugs are negligible and the customer wouldnt have any real reason not to shop at one store versus another, aside from customer service of course. Alternatively, if the shopping center is only filled with home supplies stores, and your store sells rugs, then youre going to get a lot of highly targeted traffic to your store just based on sheer geography. This is exactly why business property developers create entire communities of medical business spaces, for example.Technique 2: Do real-life link buildingIf youre in need of targeted traffic, consider going to a similar but uncompetitive business located nearby, tell them about your business, and get them on board with the product youre selling. Offer a pseudo-partnership with them by d irecting your customers to them in exchange for them doing the same for you. By partnering, you can offer a special affiliate sale price of an entire living room decoration set by selling them a rug, and then sending them to your partner for the rest of the decorations, thus strengthening your partnership and getting a steadier flow of targeted traffic.ConversionTechnique 3: Record your visitors informationJust   because someone has walked through the doors of your business doesnt mean theyre going to buy something. Since this is a undeniable truth about them, its better connect with them in the long term than to simply let them walk out the door if theyre   not satisfied with prices or products. Convert that new visitor into a return visitor by collecting their name and email address and getting them going on a monthly sales newsletter, perhaps. The possibilities are endless.Technique 4: Use funnels to get them to the product they needThink of every encounter with a customer as a f unneled process in which several steps must play out before theyve officially been converted to a paying customer. When they walk in, you do your meet-and-greet in which workflow is explained or implied. Follow up with a keyword analysis. Then hit them with targeted content. Offer additional possibly related content. Then offer them a valuable and competitive price for their selection. Make a sale. Collect their information. This process, believe it or not, is wonderfully executed by the home store Ikea. When you walk in the door, there is a meet-and-greet person with map information and the walls are painted with detailed maps workflows. You can then follow arrows toward the product keywords of your choice. Once there, youre surrounded by additional related products that you might also like to buy. The prices are all organized and transparent in that they are very competitive will other stores, and they make you want to shop there. Finally, you are taken to a checkout line and you r purchase is made. However, they do not do an email signup option at the checkout stand, but they should. One company that does do this is the new Red Box DVD vendors in grocery stores.READ5 Easy Ways To Optimize Your Mobile WebsiteKeywordsTechnique 5: Organize your products via keyword hierarchiesWhen visiting a Target or a Wal-Mart, youre very much expecting to be directed to the area of the store in which your product resides via keywords and headings. If none of those store keywords were hanging above the aisles, youd be very lost, and would waste a lot of extra time, hurting the user experience. If you organize your products in an easy to navigate way, theyre going to be more efficiently navigatable and you will be able to effortlessly make assumptions about other products they may be interested in purchasing.Technique 6: Determine entrance keywordsSome stores benefit from having a sign-in sheet at the front of their business. This allows them to direct the customers to a repr esentative who has special knowledge of a specific product or service, which eliminates a lot of the please hold while I transfer you to someone who knows what theyre talking about situations that sales representatives get themselves stuck in. While a sign-in may not be a viable solution for everyone, every business owner should think of a creative approach to gathering what their needs are as soon as possible.OptimizationTechnique 7: Optimize for speedJust because youre doing custom work doesnt mean your product development should drag on unnecessarily long. If youre selling products, get them to a relevant area quickly, and make sure your product organization isnt confusing. If youre offering a service, be prepared to execute each step in an orderly and efficient way. Make them want to return.Technique 8: Improper syntax can get you penalizedThere are practical reasons why proper syntax needs to be maintained on a website thats because a web crawler expects to see certain element s of your website, and if they arent easily visible, the crawler simply assumes the content isnt there. A customer is, in that sense, exactly like a crawler. If they go to the Persian rug store and walk to the carpet cleaning supplies section, they expect to see those products. If instead they arrive at that section and find that there is yet another arrow to another section of the store, theyll wonder why your SUPPLIES sign wasnt just placed in the correct spot in the first place. This is confusing to people, and a turn off in general when deciding whether or not to give you their money.Quality ControlTechnique 9: Offer a quality control follow-upA product that breaks after a month is very bad. This isnt a bad thing simply because the product is poorly made, but also because your reputation is now on the line. If youre selling something, make yourself available to deal with these issues. If theyve just purchased a service or product for you, give them a card with your name and numb er on it, and tell them to contact you if there are any concerns about the product, WHATSOEVER. This will make a customer very happy.Technique 10: Run experimentsYour first iteration of orderly design may not be the best for your business. Set up a workflow and have someone go through it and rate the experience. Then try alternative work flows and compare the results. Whatever works better should then become the new standard for your business. Continue testing more and more specific metrics until your business is a fine-tuned machine.ConclusionIt may not be obvious, but if youre an SEO person, you have the ability to be an expert business consultant. Dont be afraid to take your analytics knowledge to the real world and use it to improve someones business, or your own. Disorganization and slow workflow are never a good thing, and even the simplest analytics will make that plain to see.This article is written by Kristian Urosevic. He is a web developer located in Southern California a nd the technical director for iDisplay Interactive.

Personality Psychology Myer Bringgs Personality

I have recently became interested in personality psychology which states that we all have permanente and defined traits. Our personality â€Å"type† is also classified and determined and associated with certain personality traits. Upon exploring Myer Bringgs personality information, I find it interesting to realize that everyone can be classified into sixteen categories. As you explore this information, you find that you can ‘fit’ into a few different ‘types’, but you fit best into one specifically. A personality type also tells you a lot about what type of person you are, what careers you might be interested in, and what you will more than likely in certain future situations (such as relationships with your spouse and child). Knowing about†¦show more content†¦Even adults and the elderly are continuing to change. I find it intriguing to learn that we are all different, but there are somethings that are the same in everyone as they age. We be come interested in similar things and we lose interests in many of the same things. I think that looking at the similarities and differences of peoples and their interests help prove the fact that everyone is different, but it also helps to establish unity between certain people, groups, and all of humanity. 2. The four main ideas discussed in the textbook and this course is critical thinking, the two-track mind, exploring human strength (exploring the positives of human nature) and biopsychosocial (sometimes referred to the biopsychosocial spiritual approach). When someone thinks critically, they ask â€Å"why† and â€Å"how† questions. This approach is useful in the attempt to avoid bias and base conclusions off of false or unproven statements. If I were to tell you that it is the man’s sperm that determines the gender of the child, you should think critically and ask â€Å"Why is this the case?†, â€Å"What evidence do you have to support this claim?† and â€Å"Has this statement been proven?† Thinking critically enhances your knowledge and verifies that the information you have been given is correct. The double-mind aspect of psychology is the fact that we are acting on our subconscious more than we are acting on our own will. Although you ma y feel like you are in control of your actions, most of you

Tear Down this Wall Speech - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 854 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Berlin Wall Essay Did you like this example? Ronald Reagans speech, Tear Down this Wall was a very important speech that served to unify the east and west Berlins. His speech was made to break down the Berlin wall, which he believed was unnecessary and questioned it from the moment he saw it. He gave his speech in 1987 and he talked about how he believes the wall is not only a symbol against german freedom but freedom of mankind, he also talks about the history of the presidents that came before him and the history of Berlin and Germany. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Tear Down this Wall Speech" essay for you Create order Lastly he talks about how he will work with France and Britain to make change for Berlin. The Tear down this wall speech also known as, The speech at the Berlin wall was an extremely important speech as said by Former West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl,He was a stroke of luck for the world, especially for Europe.1. He gave the speech on June 12, 1987 to the people of Berlin although most of them couldnt hear due to the eastern german police blocking the citizens from getting close to the wall, his main topic during the speech was how he wanted the destruction the Berlin Wall due to it being the means of division between Berlin and Europe. The ethos in this speech comes from the fact that he is the president of the United States and the people he mentions that are on his side that he works with or will work with. So that he can make an effective and unbiased statement President Reagan acknowledges Khrushchevs statement stating,We will bury you2. This shows Reagans credibility to be able to make a speech for good with also incorporating people who are against him. Later i n the speech he also mentions how the soviets have been leaning more towards changing their current political society, but mentioning them he successfully talks about the other political influences in Germany, this validates his argument by showing the two sides of the argument. Reagan uses logos to help his main point that freedom, democracy, and the destruction of the Berlin Wall are all beneficial. During his speech Reagan talks about how other countries are prospering due to their freedom, and he shows how each country that has achieved freedom has grown exponentially economically. In his speech it is evident that Reagan is trying to give facts and trying to persuade the people that freedom is essential to gaining more power and money for every country. By saying this Reagan is trying to gain credibility by saying how he wants change just as much as the berlins do. Later in the speech Reagan still keeps on giving examples of freedom giving happiness to really put that idea in their heads and to strengthen his credibility. Throughout the speech Reagan sticks to the belief that people want to live in stable countries with a strong economy, he is using this as a bas to appeal to peoples logic and create an effective claim to persuade the people to see his s ide of the story. In addition to his logical and ethical appeals Reagan also makes several appeals to pathos. Although they dont stand out as much as his logic and ethos, Reagans thoughts emotional and moral problems do work well with his rhetoric. Reagan starts off by familiarizing his audience with his surroundings and getting a connection with his audience, Were drawn here by the feeling of history in this city, more than 500 years older than our own nation3. In this Reagan praises Berlins history while also showing berlins seniority in age. Reagan uses the berlin wall as a means to make the speech more personalized and relevant. With the context structured, Reagan then moves on to his audience. He establishes a connection with the Berliners by showing that he understands their situation. The empathy shown in Reagans speech goes well with his Ethos and shows the Germans that he is fit to represent their hardships. Overall Reagans argument is very strong and effective. Although it is still unknown whether or not the speech had an actual impact on the decision to break down the wall there was still a very strong acceptance of what he said. It is evident that his real purpose was to gather the people of germany and make them one strong force. Reagans goal was a success due to his great combination of ethical, emotional and logical arguments. He was able to connect with his audience by using these claims and used his presidential status to give a more authoritative approach. Even though Reagans speech was a success he did not use all of the resources he could have used to sound more professional like statistics. Reagan uses examples on economy a lot but never gives any statistical evidence on any of the examples which made his speech weaker. Although Reagan had many weak spots in his speech his overall speech was strong and was able to take the point across, it is proven by the fact that the berli n wall was eventually torn down giving them the freedom they had been fighting for.

Fathers and Sons in Hamlet Essay - 1189 Words

Fathers and Sons in Hamlet Hamlets father, Old King Hamlet who he looked up to was recently killed, and his mother married his uncle within a month. He receives a visit from the ghost of his father which urges him to revenge [Claudius] foul and most unnatural murder (I, v, 32) of Old Hamlet. It is only logical that under these circumstances, Hamlet would be under great duress, and it would not be abnormal for him to express grief. Fortnibra and Laertes also have to deal with the avenging their fathers death. Fortinbras and Laertes are parallel characters to Hamlet, and they provide critical points on which to compare the actions and emotions of Hamlet throughout the play. They are also important in Hamlet,†¦show more content†¦Hamlet, is very private with his grief. His mourning for King Hamlet is long and drawn out, two months after his fathers death, he is still observed to be wearing ...suits of solemn black.(I, ii, 82). Hamlet suspects nothing of his fathers murder until the ghost of Old King Hamlet speaks to him. Laertes, however, response to the death of his father is immediate. He is suspicious about the death of his father, as is evident in his speech to Claudius. How came he dead? Ill not be juggled with. To hell, allegiance!(IV, v, 149-150). Laertes is a mirror to Hamlet. Hamlet is a scholar at Wittenberg, and Laertes at France. Both are admired for their swordsmanship. Both men loved and respected their fathers, and displayed some dishonesty when plotting to avenge their fathers deaths. The relationship is between Polonius and Laertes, is the ultimate bond. It is a bond, which contains the necessary love and respect in a father-son relationship, but yet it lacks the closeness, or real emotional bonding required in a true relationship. Polonius as a father loves Laertes and listens to him and councils him on different topics. He is proud of his son and his intelligence, yet he does not altogether trust this intelligence enough to let him use his own discretion in France. In the first scene of Act Two, we see PoloniusShow MoreRelatedFather And Son Relationships In Hamlet By William Shakespeare1249 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bond Between Father and Son William Shakespeare is a one of the most successful writers, due to his creativity and complex plots. He is well known for focusing several of his his plays around the theme of revenge, but each of the works accomplishes this in a different ways. His most popular vengeful play would be Hamlet, which focuses more of the anticipation and the moral aspect of revenge, rather than the act itself. Hamlet was written around 1601 and set in Denmark during the late middleRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Father And Son Relationship Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesFather and Son Relationship in Hamlet Children born into a fatherless family in America are more likely to have behavioral problems, more likely to go to prison, and more likely to commit a violent crime. While Hamlet did not exactly live in contemporary America-or lose his father until his late 20s- he exemplifies these statistics quite well in Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Hamlet is mercurial, would certainly be locked up if he wasn’t royal, and eventually commits multiple (justified) killings. All ofRead MoreHamlet Essay, Loyalty Between Father and Son Relationships1297 Words   |  6 PagesLoyalty between Father and Son Relationships â€Å"O cursed spite,/ That ever I was born to set it right!† (Hamlet 1.5.197-198). These words of Hamlet set the tone for the theme of revenge in the play Hamlet. This reoccurring theme arises through the father and son relationships in the course of the play. The characters Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras all experience the loss of their fathers, and all, as loyal sons, must avenge them. In each case, the execution of their plans is different, andRead MoreResponse to Shakespeares Presentation of the Responsibilities and Obligations Placed on Sons by Fathers in Hamlet1394 Words   |  6 PagesPlaced on Sons by Fathers in Hamlet Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, is a play based on the theme of revenge (otherwise known as a revenge tragedy). However there are other themes to this play that may not be as obvious as the main. Love, hate, madness are all other themes to this play, along with the theme of responsibility to sons and fathers. This theme is sustained throughout the whole play when, at the climax, the responsibility of avenging his dead father is finallyRead MoreShakespeare s Hamlet : A Close Look At A Son s Relationship With His Father1885 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s Hamlet provides a close look at a son’s relationship with his parents, particularly the way a man’s bond with his mother changes after his father dies. Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, is haunted by the violence of his father’s death and the unthinking way in which his mother chooses to wed her dead husband’s brother, the new King Claudius. From his first conversation with the ghost of his father, Hamlet learns that Claudius murdered his father and he grapples with the consequences ofRead MoreHamlet : Claudius And Hamlet1008 Words   |  5 PagesPaternal-Parental-Uncle-Father-Figure-Claudius and Adopted-Nephew-Cousin-Son-Hamlet A parental figure and son conflict in Hamlet is Claudius and Hamlet. In Hamlet’s dysfunctional family Claudius has taken the place of Hamlet’s father after killing his brother the king. Hamlet refuses to acknowledge Claudius as his father because Claudius took the place of his father a month after his dad died . Another source to the conflict is that Claudius killed Hamlet’s father. After Hamlet found out about hisRead MoreHamlet As The Tragic Hero Of The Play Hamlet 1314 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to better understand Hamlet one must first asses, and define man. According to webster dictionary a man is a male often having the qualities associated with bravery,script or toughness(site webster dictionary www.define a man.com here). We know the male figure is known to exhibit distinctive male traits such as strength, dignity, courage and be a provider and supporter. As seen in Hamlet one must understand the male figure to better understand Hamlet and why th e male behave in such waysRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Bloody Uncle : Binary, Differance, And Privilege1254 Words   |  6 PagesPrivilege in Shakespeare’s Hamlet There is the idea in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, that Hamlet is still and will forever be mourning his father’s murder. No matter how hard Claudius tries, he will not be able to fill the role of Hamlet’s father due to the fact that he murdered Hamlet’s father and immediately married his mother. Claudius can consider himself the â€Å"loving father† as much as he wants, however, it is in the theme of the play for him to be the opposite toward his nephew/son (ACT IV scene iii). TheRead More Revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesRevenge in Shakespeares Hamlet In Hamlet, Shakespeare uses revenge as a major theme present throughout the work. Revenge plays a crucial role in the development of Fortinbras, Prince of Norway, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, and Laertes, son of Polonius. All three men seek revenge for the murder of their fathers. Revenge can be interpreted as a separate character in Hamlet. Revenge is set to overcome anyone who seeks it. Initially, after each of the murders, every son had a definite course of actionRead MoreRevenge in Shakespeare ´s Play Hamlet Essay690 Words   |  3 PagesHamlet and Laertes both contribute to the play main theme, revenge. Both characters dearly loved their fathers, thats the reason for revenge. But, their love has been distorted and all they feel now is a need for revenge for their fathers’ deaths. But they cope with it differently. Hamlet knows who killed his father, but does not take immediate action. Laertes is a little unclear on who is responsible for his fathers death, but he takes i mmediate action to avenge him. To hell, allegiance! vows,

Ambassadors Painting Essay Example For Students

Ambassadors Painting Essay The Ambassador painting by Hans Holstein is a very popular painting from its time, the Renaissance. This time period is shown by a certain symbol that Hans liked to use in his paintings, the skull. He would place it at the bottom Of his paintings as a symbol that this art ivory is his. The skull is painted in anamorphic perspective, Which is 3 style in the Renaissance period. They say this painting could have up to three meanings. Heavens, Living world, and Death (Holiness skull). Examiners Of the painting believe it could have been made, With intention to be placed on a stairwell. This would allow the person walking up the stairs to be startled by the skull in the picture. The items placed in the painting are also indeed highly symbolic, each with their own tale. The picture places two men in the center, which is thought to be seen as symbolic. The man on the right has clerical dressing while the man on the left is in secular attire. It is also thought by some that the objects, such as the open books and symbols tot religious knowledge, and Virgin symbolism, link to the unification of capitalism and the church. Others believe that these objects can mean different. Some suggest religious strife at that time. The men in the picture, Jean De Danville (owner of land) and Georges De Selves (Bishop) show a conflict between religious and secular authorities. The lute in the picture is shown with a broken string; this is commonly believed to be a symbol of discord or tension between clergy and scholars. In the picture is also a globe showing the map of the world. Its thought to hue been created in 1530 but of unknown origin. They call it the Ambassadors globe due to its part in this painting. More simple viewed items in the painting are obvious in meaning. It includes globes, quadrant, sundial, and a tourniquet. These items are to show exploration interests of the men in the painting. Also the Oriental rug pictured shows perhaps things gained while on these travels. These rugs are somewhat typically shown in some Renaissance paintings. In conclusion, the Hans Holstein painting is a very simple painting to some, but after further looks can show many hidden messages for the viewer. From skulls portraying death to other symbolic hints to religion and strife, this painting has a lot to otter to the viewer.

s Use In Smoking Cessation

Pharmacodynamics of the Nicotine Patch and It’s Use in Smoking Cessations Quitting smoking is one of the hardest habits for people to quit. Thankfully today there are many helpful aids for those who are trying to quit smoking one of which is the Nicotine Patch. NRT’s or nicotine replacement therapy’s have become increasingly popular in the last decade, partly because of increased health promotion programs aimed at informing the public on the harmful effects of smoking and some possible ways to quit. Another large reason NRT’s have become increasingly popular is their availability as an OTC (Over the Counter) drug, instead of having to see a doctor for a prescription. Nevertheless before one attempts to quit smoking they should be aware of the pharmacodynamics of a nicotine addiction (the effects of the nicotine of the body), how the patch works to aid in smoking cessation, possible side effects of the patch and reasons why the patch should not be used by some individuals. Nicotine is one of the most highly addictive substances sold legally. Its Chemical composition is very close to that of heroin, and smoking is related to many serious health problems. Nicotine is so addicting because it increases the levels of certain chemicals such as dopamine ( ) and norepinepherine in the brain (BC Health Guide). Once smoke is inhaled into the lungs the nicotine almost immediately moves across the lung tissues into the bloodstream. Although nicotine is addictive, the harmful effects from smoking are caused by the tars, carbon monoxide and many other toxic chemicals in the tobacco. Quitting is so hard to do because the body becomes dependant on the nicotine. Once the individual refrains from smoking, the level of the dopamine and norepinepherine in the brain drop and the bodies react by having a nicotine withdrawal. (BC Health Guide). Although the withdrawals seem very intense at first, over time the levels of dopamine ... 's Use In Smoking Cessation Free Essays on Pharmacodynamics Of The Nicotine Patch And IT\'s Use In Smoking Cessation Pharmacodynamics of the Nicotine Patch and It’s Use in Smoking Cessations Quitting smoking is one of the hardest habits for people to quit. Thankfully today there are many helpful aids for those who are trying to quit smoking one of which is the Nicotine Patch. NRT’s or nicotine replacement therapy’s have become increasingly popular in the last decade, partly because of increased health promotion programs aimed at informing the public on the harmful effects of smoking and some possible ways to quit. Another large reason NRT’s have become increasingly popular is their availability as an OTC (Over the Counter) drug, instead of having to see a doctor for a prescription. Nevertheless before one attempts to quit smoking they should be aware of the pharmacodynamics of a nicotine addiction (the effects of the nicotine of the body), how the patch works to aid in smoking cessation, possible side effects of the patch and reasons why the patch should not be used by some individuals. Nicotine is one of the most highly addictive substances sold legally. Its Chemical composition is very close to that of heroin, and smoking is related to many serious health problems. Nicotine is so addicting because it increases the levels of certain chemicals such as dopamine ( ) and norepinepherine in the brain (BC Health Guide). Once smoke is inhaled into the lungs the nicotine almost immediately moves across the lung tissues into the bloodstream. Although nicotine is addictive, the harmful effects from smoking are caused by the tars, carbon monoxide and many other toxic chemicals in the tobacco. Quitting is so hard to do because the body becomes dependant on the nicotine. Once the individual refrains from smoking, the level of the dopamine and norepinepherine in the brain drop and the bodies react by having a nicotine withdrawal. (BC Health Guide). Although the withdrawals seem very intense at first, over time the levels of dopamine ...

Frida essays

Frida essays Frida Kahlo is a Mexican painter, born on July 6, 1907 and dead on July 13, 1954. Frida claimed to be born on 1910, the year of the outbreak of the Mexican revolution, because she wanted her life to began together with the modern Mexico. This detail well introduces us to a singular personality, characterized by her childhood, which was a deep sense of independence and rebellion against social and moral ordinary habits. She was moved by passion and sensuality, proud of her "Mexicanidad"(he was not Mexican, a white immigrant to Mexico) and cultural tradition set against the reigning Americanization: everything mixed with a peculiar sense of humor. Her life was marked by physical suffering, it started with the polio she contracted at the age of five and worsened by her life-dominating event which occurred in 1925. A bus accident caused severe injuries to her body owing to a pole that pierced her from the stomach to the pelvis. The accident left her with a broken spinal column, a broken collarbone, broken ribs, a broken pelvis, and 11 fractures in her right leg. In addition her right foot was dislocated and crushed, and her shoulder was out of joint. For a month, Frida was forced to stay flat on her back, encased in a plaster cast and enclosed in a boxlike structure. The medicine of her time tortured her body with surgical operations (32 throughout her life), corsets of different kinds and mechanical "stretching" systems. Lots of her works were painted laying in the bed. Because of these physical conditions Frida was never able to have any children and this was a great sorrow for her. She had a great love, Diego Rivera (she married twice with this man and dedicated to him a passionate diary) but also a lot of lovers, men and women, such as Leon Trotsky and Andr Breton's wife. Diego and Frida were married on August 21,1929. Their marriage consisted of love, affairs with other people, creative bonding, hat ...

Persuasive speech; How violent video game affect children Essay

Persuasive speech; How violent video game affect children - Essay Example The increasing trend of using technology and gadgets is reducing the degree of outdoor activities for children. This results in increased durations of indoor activities that mainly constitute of watching TV and playing video games. According to Reinberg, US kids spend around 8 hours watching TV and playing video games every day. The modern video games have alarming levels of aggression and violence in them since they are mainly based on warfare or combat themes. Anderson stated that many scenario based games revolve around the killing of innocent characters with guns, knives, fighting etc. Exposure to such level of violence and aggression for elongated durations affects the players on a short term, as well as a long term basis. Kooijmans stated that violent games cause an increase in destructive cognitions and negative arousals. He also stated that violent video games induce hostile attitudes and beliefs among the users on a long term basis. The high quality of graphics and animation make the scenarios look genuine and give the perception of a real life. Anderson stated that experience of such real life violent situations makes the individuals insensitive to other people’s suffering and pains since they view such details on a daily basis in the form of animated characters. Benedetti pointed out that the increase of violence in video games is having another severe effect on the new generation; shootouts in schools. There have been numerous instances where students have opened fire at their fellow students and caused massacres. Examples of such incidents include Colorado shootout in 1999, Viginia Tech School shootout in 2007 etc. Layton stated that the shooters in the Colorado shootout were excessive players of ‘Doom’, ‘Mortal Kombat’ and ‘Wolf 3D’. These games were considered to be popular and common violent games of that era. Layton also

Reforms Regarding Easements In The UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reforms Regarding Easements In The UK - Essay Example es of space per person even in office space, it so follows that it would probably be only natural for someone from England demanding justice if a neighbour came to fish in his or her pond, swim in a backyard pool, or use the lavatory at one’s whim. As such, it can be very difficult to actually define an easement, especially if the person using the easement does not want to formally admit that he or she is using the other person’s property illegally. Also, the dominant may not want to admit that there is an easement between both the dominant and the servient, as the dominant may feel that, legitimating that relationship might therefore give the servient some type of rights or ownership to his or her property—which it does, but that is almost entirely beside the point. The person who holds the easement doesn’t exactly own the property. It’s more like, they are borrowing it or using it for a certain time and then won’t be there anymore. Usage of an easement is, for the majority, not continuous. Thus, these facts should be taken into account when one is considering either making an easement formal or doing something in order to make the process of acquiring an easement possible. In all circumstances, paperwork should always be filled out so there is no misunderstanding between the dominant and the servient. This is essential for the relationship. III. What Can Be Done with an Easement (500 words) Although an easement itself is defined by four strict necessities by law, what can be done with an easement should definitely be clarified. It has been said that â€Å"†¦an easement is extinguished if the dominant and servient tenements come into the same ownership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 2 That may be true, but unless it was expressly written into the law in such a like manner, one might... When someone encroaches upon another person's legal boundaries—no matter how enlightened the dominant—the servant always has the potential to face problems, due to the territorial nature of people. It only makes sense, then, that legally, there must be clear grounds where easements are concerned, for all parties involved—even if the easement is an informal agreement between two neighbors that one can fish in his pond with or without stipulations. Whatever the agreement, it must be something that can be sealed with a handshake if a verbal agreement, and agreed on paper with a signature if the dominant requires it from the servant. In any case, paperwork is only there to protect both parties from any kind of liability. Easements are definitely difficult problems to tackle, but worthwhile. That having been said, it is both the owner and the servant's best interests to know what they want, respectively, and that each party can then have boundaries which are to be fol lowed. This really helps everyone with the idea that the property is to be shared, and it encourages a sense of community between the dominant(s) and servant(s). It is hoped that, in the future, easements will be able to be more readily available without having to finagle through a long and difficult legal explanation about what it constitutes. The law should definitely be made simpler to explain these concepts well to the general public. Through clear extrapolation of the law, this is possible. Discussing easements can be quite a complicated task.

Development of Space Power in India

Development of Space Power in India SPACE POWER- A FORCE MULTIPLIER â€Å"The vastness of space is a key factor in the war-form of the future† Alvin Heidi Toffler[1] CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Space has always been a matter of great interest to human race, which gazed and tried to explore this cosmic world for thousands of years. Even our own epics talk a lot about space and its utilisation. The space warfare is as old as Indian mythology. However, Science flourished during the European Renaissance and fundamental physical laws governing planetary motion were discovered, and the orbits of the planets around the Sun were calculated. The Chinese were the first to develop a rocket in around 1212 AD. In 1883, a Russian schoolmaster, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, first explained the mechanics of how a rocket could fly into space.[2]. In the 17th century, astronomers pointed a new device called the telescope at the heavens and made startling discoveries[3]. On 03 Oct 1942, German scientists launched an A-4 rocket, which travelled a distance of 190 km and reached an altitude of over 80 km. Orbital operations started with Soviet Sputnik-1 satellite in 1957[4]. Since then exploration and exploitation of the space has been a continued effort. This led to the unfolding of mysteries of the space world and thus using it for own advantages. Military use of space started with the launch of an American reconnaissance satellite in 1960.[5] Since then, the utilisation of space has been a matter of debate and controversies as far as direct war fighting military roles and missions are concerned. However, the support operations like Intelligence, communication and reconnaissance, which came first, did not face much of resistance. The benefits possible from the space-based support operations were realised very quickly and these operations were extended further to surveillance, mapping, navigation, ground mapping, environmental monitoring etc. Space systems have brought better intelligence and stronger defences by enabling the collection of new types of data and information; significantly increasing communications capabilities and capacities; revolutionizing precision navigation and timing; enriching science; establishing new markets; providing safer air, land, and sea transportation; and enabling faster disaster relief as well as more effective civil planning[6]. The phenomenal utilization and exploitation of the space medium has finally provided the users the power to gain advantage over the enemy. Traditionally, power has been related to explosive ordinance and target destruction. But in the post-Cold War world, the power most often delivered by airmen has taken the form of humanitarian aid: food, medical supplies, and heavy equipment.[7] Also Knowledge is the purest form of power and is the reason that overhead surveillance, reconnaissance, and intelligence-gathering efforts are so important in both war and peace. Information delivered from above can be used to strengthen a friendly regime, discredit an enemy regime, or directly attack the morale of an adversarys frontline troops. They can detect missile launches, nuclear tests and they can provide secure real time communications all over the world. The resolution available with satellite reconnaissance is more than adequate for military needs. The accuracy of GPS is known to us all. In le ss hostile circumstances, the information might consist of humanitarian warnings about impending natural disasters or news about disaster-relief efforts[8]. The meteorological satellites provide accurate weather data from any part of the world. Thus in past few years, space-based systems have enabled dramatic improvement in military and intelligence operations thus enhancing its capability, accuracy and fire power. Thus the Space medium emerging as Space Power and the most effective and widely used force multiplier. METHODOLOGY Statement Of Problem To study and analyse the feasibility of Space Power to evolve as a frontline force multiplier for India and to critically examine the road ahead. Justification Of Study Indias achievement in the field of space capability may not seem to be very advanced especially when compared with the accomplishments of the superpowers and elite members of the satellite club. However, one needs to look at the Indian space programme in isolation to fully understand the tremendous progress and achievements that have been made from such a humble beginning. All the countries have developed launch vehicles as an offshoot of their ballistic missile projects, and their satellites were primarily intended for military use. Non- military applications were a spinoff of the military programmes, whereas India has developed space applications and launch vehicles for totally civilian use. The technology was also used within a broader framework to achieve socio-economic development, and military spin-offs have been incidental. Therefore, India has an inherent advantage as far as civilian support role is concerned however it needs special effort and attitude to develop military support application. Utilization of Space medium and Control of space based assets will be an important ingredient of future world power. President APJ Kalam has stated that accomplishments in space have traditionally been a barometer of international status, technological prowess and enhanced military capability. Rapid advancements in Information Technology, Internet and Com munications are increasingly utilising space based assets. These assets play a decisive role in shaping the outcome of conflicts and are engines that drive economic growths. India and China are likely to be the economic powerhouses of the 21st Century. India is also emerging as a key balancer of Asian stability. By its combined military and space technology, India would be required to contain regional conflicts and prevent unscrupulous exploitation of the Indian Ocean region[9]. Therefore development of space power both for military and civilian use, especially as a force multiplier is must to climb up the pyramid of world power. Perceptions determine actions. The militarys perception of the air and space environment influences the type of space forces it will develop in the future[10]. In Indias context which has belligerent neighbours, space based capabilities are the definite force multiplier. In fact, military strategist call space the new ‘High Ground. Which will bring in revolutionary changes in military affairs. Therefore we need to decide the kind of space force which we need to develop to exploit Space medium to the maximum as a force multiplier to maintain edge in the region. Scope This study analyses the exploitation of Space Force as a force multiplier in the Indian Context. Methods Of Data Collection The information and data for this dissertation has been gathered through internet, various books, papers, journals and newspapers. In addition, lectures delivered by dignitaries at DSSC have been utilised to gather information. The bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the dissertation. Organisation Of The Dissertation It is proposed to study the subject in the following manner:- (a) Chapter I Introduction and Methodology. (b) Chapter II Understanding Space power. (c) Chapter III Roles and Application of Space Power. (d) Chapter IV Space Power as Force Multiplier. (e) Chapter V Indian Capability and the Road Ahead. (f) Chapter VI Recommendations and Conclusion. CHAPTER II UNDERSTANDING SPACE POWER The beginning of wisdom is calling things by their right names. —Confucius Space has fascinated many thinkers, philosophers and Air Warriors equally for a long time. Many a researches and money has gone in exploring and exploiting space but still the concepts are not very clear to many of us. It is extremely important for us to have clear understanding of space before we can evaluate the role and utilization of space medium. Definitions Space Space is void of substance, offers no protection from harmful radiation, and allows only the balance between thrust and gravity with which to maneuver.[11] Space begins where satellites can maintain orbit (81 miles) and extends to infinity.[12] Power is control or authority to influence; the ability to produce an act or event.[13] And Space power is a nations ability to exploit and control the space medium to support and achieve national goals.[14] Gravity The driving force behind all orbital dynamics is the force of gravity and is defined by the law of universal Gravitation given by Isaac Newton in 1687. It states â€Å" Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the particle†.[15] Escape Velocity Satellites maintain orbit around a planet (Earth in our case) at a particular speed at a given height. If the speed is increased, the satellite goes into a higher orbit. Escape velocity is the speed at which the centrifugal force becomes greater than the pull of planetary gravity. The object would then cease to be an Earth-satellite, and start moving away from the earth. At 500 km the escape velocity is 10.8 km/sec.[16] Satellite Inclination Every satellite orbits within a plane that passes through Earths gravitational centre. The angle formed between the orbital plane of the satellite and the plane of the Earths equator. BY convention, it is measured anticlockwise from the equator to the orbital plane at the point where the satellite crosses, passing to north[17]. Orbits with inclination at or closer to 90 degrees are known as ‘polar orbits. ‘Equatorial orbits are those in or very close to the plane of the equator. The rest, between these two limits, are ‘inclined orbits. The combination of the satellites own motion and that of the rotating planet beneath produces a ‘ground track joining the successive points on the planet which fall directly beneath the satellite. The surface area of the planet in line-of-sight or direct communication with any satellite is a function of its altitude and ground track. In the lowest feasible orbits, the area that can be ‘seen by satelli te sensors is no more than that of one of Earths larger cities. Orbital Decay With a perfectly spherical planet of even density, no air resistance, and no minute gravitational pulls from neighbouring bodies (such as Sun, the Moon, and the other planets), a satellite would stay in orbit forever. In the real world these factors upset the balance of forces which sustains the orbit, which causes it to ‘decay, so that the satellite eventually falls to the Earth. For practical purposes, satellites which go below 300 km encounter air resistance serious enough to require intermittent use of on-board boosters to maintain their orbits.[18] Low Earth Orbit (LEO). This orbit ranges from a height of 200 and 5000 km. Polar and highly inclined orbits are favoured for general reconnaissance missions since they give planet-wide coverage. The periods of such range between 90 minutes and a few hours. Sun Synchronous orbit It is the orbit where in the satellite is used for surveillance at optical wave length and whose orbital motion will bring it periodically over the same area of interest at the same sunlight conditions from day to day. These orbital planes are called as Sun Synchronous orbit[19]. These are low earth orbits inclined at about 98 °. Semi-synchronous Orbit. This is circular orbit at 20,700 km with a period of 12 hours. The term is sometimes extended to all orbits between LEO and this orbit. Molniya Orbit. This is a highly elliptical orbit, at an altitude of between 500 40000 km, with a 12 hour period. This orbit is most stable at an inclination of 63 degrees. (At other inclinations gravitational anomalies resulting from irregularities in the shape and density of the planet cause the major axis of such an orbit the line joining the apogee and the perigee points to rotate inconveniently.) This orbit was used by the Soviet Union to provide satellite spending 11 hours out of 12 hours above the northern hemisphere.[20] Geostationary Satellite As the orbital height increases, so orbital period increases. If the orbital height increases to 35875km, the orbital period will be synchronised with the rotation rate of the Earth. Such a satellite would be called a geosynchronous satellite. If these satellite have zero degree of inclination such that these satellites will appear stationary in the sky over a point on the equator to an observer on earth. Such a satellite would be called a geostationary satellite[21]. This is a circular, equatorial orbit at an altitude of 35,700 km. With a period of 24 hours, such satellites appear to remain almost stationary above a fixed point over the equator. In practice, they sometimes describe a very small ‘ of eight ground tracks about such a point. Three or more evenly spaced geostationary satellites can cover most of the planet, except the Polar Regions. These satellites are mainly used for communications or early warning of missiles. Geosynchronous Orbit has li ttle military or other uses because of its large ‘ of eight ground tracks, depending on its inclination. In military discussions the term ‘geostationary, is tending to be replaced by ‘geosynchronous, because the former is the limiting case of the latter. Even a small inclination causes a geostationary satellite to become a ‘strictly speaking geosynchronous one. Military geostationary satellites may sometimes have a use for such a ground track, though seldom for the much wider, true geosynchronous orbit.[22] Super-synchronous Orbit. The orbits above GEO have had little use so far, but offer many options for future military satellites taking refuge from ground based or LEO anti-satellites. Certain points of equilibrium between solar, lunar and terrestrial gravitation are especially interesting.[23] (a) Near-Earth Orbit (NEO) or aerospace extends 50 to 200 kilometers above the Earths surface, incorporating the mesosphere and the lower edge of the ionosphere in an intermediate region where aerodynamics and ballistics interact or succeed each other. In the short term, NEO will remain the primary location for the deployment of manned and unmanned military systems and probable major space industrialization facilities such as a manned space operations center (SOC)[24]. It is through this zone that ballistic missiles must proceed during and after their boost phase and are most vulnerable to antiballistic missile (ABM) systems. However, minimum long-range effects from nuclear explosions are found at altitudes between 50 and 150 kilometers: above 50 kilometers, the mechanical effects of shockwave pressures almost disappear as a consequence of the relatively low air density; below 150 kilometers, the air density is still high enough to reduce the range of corpuscular radiation through di spersion and absorption so that the long-range thermal effect is also not maximum.[25] Therefore, even very powerful nuclear devises in the megaton range must be detonated at relatively close proximity to their intended target at NEO to be effective, although electromagnetic pulse (EMP) effects could seriously disrupt unhardened electronic systems at long-range distances. Nevertheless, targets at NEO, compared to those at higher gravity well zones, are relatively vulnerable to Earth-based intervention because of an inherently short warning time available for the implementation of countermeasures and the minimal amount of energy that the enemy must expend to reach this zone. Conversely, a weapon system such as a fractional orbital bombardment system (FOBS) at NEO could attack targets on Earth with a minimum of warning[26]. (b) (c) The cislunar zone consists of all space between NEO and Lunar Surface Orbit (LSO), including Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO). The cislunar zone provides military systems situated here the defensive option of a longer reaction time to implement countermeasures against Earth- or NEO-based intervention[27]. (d) (e) LSO consists of the zone of space where the Moon orbits the Earth, including Near Lunar Orbit (NLO) or the space immediately surrounding the Moon. (f) (g) The translunar zone is comprised of the space from LSO to approximately one million kilometers from the Earths surface, where the solar gravity well begins to predominate and includes the five Lagrangian points. These final zones will attain increasing military significance as the process of space industrialization evolves. Eventually the Moon and Lagrangian points could be used to dominate the entire Earth-Moon system.[28] Outer Space In the denomination of legal material dealing with the space exploration and nearly the entire space law, the term outer space is commonly used. But this term has not been defined to date with precision despite many attempts undertaken by jurists, International non-governmental and the United Nations bodies[29]. The difference between space and the outer space is generally not recognised. But the former term is wider than the latter and means the whole universe including the earth while outer space means all spaces other than the earth. In fact, outer space begins where the earths atmosphere ends and extends on in all directions infinitely. The upper limit of the air space constitutes the lowest limit of outer space. The outer space in a broader sense also consists of the entire space beyond celestial bodies and their atmosphere. Celestial bodies include all land masses in space and their atmosphere except Earth. Therefore, air space is excluded from outer space. The diff erence between space and outer space is insignificant in so far as the exploration and use of such domain is concerned[30]. (h) The tactical space environment The tactical space environment of the Earth-Moon system can be conceptualized as a series of gravity well zones that are somewhat analogous to terrestrial hills, promontories, and mountains in that much effort and energy must be initially expended to situate forces in such locations. Once attained, however, these positions can be used to dominate the terrain below with relative ease. 1 illustrates in two-dimensional form the gravity well zones of the Earth-Moon system, which are in reality three dimensional spheres[31]. (i) (j) During the next two decades, military space activities and the development of various commercial space enterprises (or space industrialization) will be primarily restricted to this system. Possible military missions in this tactical environment include direct intervention on the Earths surface form space, regulation of the flow of space traffic, protection of military and industrial space facilities, denial of strategic areas of space to others (such as choice satellite orbits at Geosynchronous Earth Orbit and the various Lagrangian points at which objects revolve with the same period as the gravitational Earth-Moon system and thus remain effectively stationary), and various surveillance, reconnaissance, navigation, command, control, and communication functions[32]. CLICHÉ ABOUT SPACE POWER The space power being the latest addition to the force of a Nation, there is still a huge dilemma about its placement, its use whether military or civilian and also its control. Currently, a fully developed space power theory does not exist. USSPACECOM, recognizing the void, has commissioned Dr. Brian R. Sullivan as lead author to develop this theory.[33] Therefore there is requirement to develop a fully fledged theory and doctrine to guide the developed of space power straight from its infancy. Space is the next great arena for exploration and exploitation. We are limited only by imagination to the wonders, challenges and excitement the next century will bring as far as space forces are concerned. Already, civil and commercial sectors have invested billions of dollars in space and the nations military recognizes its role to protect these interests. The debate within the military on how to best exploit this new medium continues. But there is a need to go over few of the basic issues about Space Power to understand it clearly. The militarys current view of the air and space environment seems to simultaneously focus on opposing relationships between the two mediums. Air and space represent two distinct realms and at the same time, they are difficult to separate because of their similarities. These two relationships exist simultaneously and come together to form the following organizational paradigm of the air and space environment: Space and the atmosphere represent two distin ct medium environments physically different from each other; while at the same time, they are physically linked, and theoretically and historically tied.[34] There are few of these set of fundamental issues which require to be vetted if we are to understand space power with the kind of clarity with which we now understand air power and if we are to understand their nexus[35]. First of the issue, is regarding direct use of space as a Space power or weaponising of space to use it as a force itself. We must determine whether space power apply great power quickly to any tangible target on the planet? Many people would answer no to this question because of political restraints on weaponising space. Others would argue for an affirmative answer based on technical, if not political, feasibility. In either case, the question concerning the applicability of the essence remains assumed but undemonstrated. Or perhaps there exists a space power version of the essence that differs from all other military operations, including air power[36]. Also there are concerns regarding the future of space power and the kinds of military operations that are likely to migrate to space. Space may become another battle space, or it may become only a home to military operations focussed on non-lethal activities in support of combat elsewhere. So the major concern is whether space will be used as direct source of force or will continued to be used as a force multiplier only. Why does the military need a space force? The answers to this question shape military space force development by providing a sense of long-term direction, describing how such a force would serve national interests, and prescribing a force structure to fulfill that need. They are foundational answers that ultimately form the basis for space power theory and enable the military to articulate and justify reasons for a military space force. As the military more clearly articulates why space forces are needed, the better it is able to identify specific requirements necessary to achieve those forces. Thus, this question and the next are closely tied together[37]. What should the military do in space? The answers to this question bring the focus from broad to specific. They help formulate the functions and missions of a military space force, and provide the framework for establishing detailed force requirements. To summarize, the answers to the question of who establish the advocates for a military space force development. The answers to the questions of why and what together develop and identify long term direction, and offer short-term input to the resource allocation process.[38] The next issue is to do with the control of space power. This will mainly emerge from our innovation, imagination and farsightedness. Air Power being the strongest contender of claiming the control of space, there is need to deeply study the relationship between Space power and Air Power. This relationship can be well understood only by defining and studying the relationship between space and Air. Who should lead and develop military space forces? This question addresses the need to focus on finding the best organization, or mix of organizations, to advocate a military space force. Military space advocates must be able to justify—on military grounds alone—the necessity of military forces in space. These organizations are the stewards that provide both administrative control over the forces that support military space power, and the war-fighting control of these forces during employment of that power. A space force advocate embraces and promotes the ideals for a military space force, and garners the support necessary to establish such a force[39]. Air and Space relationship The defining characteristic of air power is an operational regime ele ­vated above the earths surface. Conceptually, space power would seem to be more of the same at a higher elevation. The term aerospace, coined in the late 1950s, echoes this same theme, as do official pronouncements such as although there are physical differences between the atmosphere and space, there is no absolute boundary between them. The same basic military activities can be performed in each, albeit with different platforms and methods.[40] The move from earth to space transitsis through the air environment, thereby inherently bringing about a linkage as no space launch or recovery can take place without transiting through the air medium. Any differentiation between the two would be superficial and indefinable. In future, the air and space mediums would provide a seamless environment where Trans Atmospheric Vehicles (TAVs) and re-usable hypersonic vehicles could exploit it freely. In addition, with increas ed proliferation of Ballistic Missiles and development of potent nuclear warheads, there is a need to extend the current Air Defence capabilities to space to ensure that the threats emanating from the air and space environment can be effectively tackled.[41] While the physical borders between the land, sea and air are readily evident, the physical border between air and space is not as clear. The atmosphere gradually disappears and space gradually starts. Furthermore, from a physical point of view, earths entire connection to space is through the atmosphere. Every movement into space begins with movement through air. Thus, from a physical point of view, space is linked with air.[42] Conceptually thinking, we cannot easily ignore the vast differences between operations in the atmosphere and in space? Current military thought suggests that space is a medium separate and distinct from the atmosphere with physical characteristics unique enough that a barrier forms between the two. The atmosphere is a realm of substance offering the advantages of protection from radiation, thermal transfer of heat and the ability to produce and control lift and drag. These aspects of the air medium make it considerably different than the realm of space.[43] Space assets are differentiated from air platforms by being non-air breathing. Military force includes all of the civilian elements such as contractor support that are required to sustain air or space operations.[44] It is difficult to analyse these and many more issues dealing with space without a general, overarching theory of space power. The task is made even more difficult by several other factors, such as the limited experience base in military space operations, the tight security classification concerning much of what goes on in space, and the thoroughly sub-divided responsibility for space operations. Thus, we have a conundrum-a jig-saw puzzle that will someday picture how space power fits or doesnt fit with air power. Solving the puzzle represents a major leadership challenge.[45] The answers to these questions will drive the future direction the military takes in space. Fundamentally influencing these answers is the militarys organizationally held perceptions of the air and space environment itself. The militarys view of this environment not only shapes the role the military sees for itself in space, but affects how it develops space forces necessary to support that role.[46] CHAPTER III Air and space power is a critical—and decisive—element in protecting our nation and deterring aggression. It will only remain so if we as professional airmen study, evaluate, and debate our capabilities and the environment of the future. Just as technology and world threat and opportunities change, so must our doctrine. We, each of us, must be the articulate and knowledgeable advocates of air and space power. —General Michael E. Ryan ROLES AND APPLICATIONS OF SPACE POWER Victory smiles upon those who anticipate the changes in the character of war not upon those who wait to adapt themselves after the changes occur. Guilio Douhet Man has a compelling urge to explore, to discover and to try to go where no one has ever been before. As most of the Earth has already been explored and even though it is going to be there for a very long time, men have now turned to space exploration as their next objective.[47] Space has provided us with huge capability because of its reach and ubiquity. The roles and applications of Space range widely from direct military roles of using it as a platform to launch weapons or support role of enhancing the capabilities of human beings in both military and civil field. Thus as we race into the next decade, a new frontier seems to be opening up in space with vast potential for military, science and exploration activities. So far as the armed forces are concerned, the sensor like satellites would provide them with unheard-of capabilities in a large number of fields.[48] Space power is becoming an in ­creasingly important aspect of na ­tional strength, but experts disagree about how best to develop its poten ­tial. Like airpower, space power relies heavily upon advanced technology, but technology is useless unless space professionals apply it properly. Air Force leaders recognize that the service needs to nurture a team of highly dedicated space professionals who are prepared to exploit advanced technologies and operating concepts. Concern about the fu ­ture direction of military activities in space has spurred debate over which technologies to produce and how best to develop space professionals. Moral, theoretical, and doc ­trinal questions also loom large. Underlying all of these considerations are political and diplomatic factors[49]. Supporting Role Today, space power pro ­vides supporting functions such as commu ­nications, reconnaissance, and navigation by global positioning system (GPS) satellites. By the end of 1999, at least 2300 military oriented satellites had already been launched. The functions of military satellites, which constitute about 75% of all satellites orbited, ranged from navigation, communications, meteorological and reconnaissance[50]. New technologies move large amounts of data around the world at the speed of light. Al-though a century ago people would have con ­sidered such feats science fiction, modern space capabilities make these and so many more things, reality. Space power has transformed our society and our military. Today, at the outset of the twenty-first century, we simply cannot live—or fight and win—without it. Operation Desert Storm is considered as the first space war, however the supporting role of space like providing near real time data from communicati on and meteorological satellites, was present during the war in Vietnam also. The Gulf War of 1991, however, was the â€Å"first conflict in history to make comprehensive use of space systems support.† [51] The support provided by the space based operations has enhanced the military capabilities drastically such that these operations have become inseparable part of every military operation. Some of these roles have been described as under: (a) Communication Satellites Communicating with deployed forces has always presented the military commanders with a problem. This is especially true in todays fast moving world when troops may have to be deployed anywhere in the world at a very short notice. The orbit used by communication satellite is the geostationary orbit. Three of Development of Space Power in India Development of Space Power in India SPACE POWER- A FORCE MULTIPLIER â€Å"The vastness of space is a key factor in the war-form of the future† Alvin Heidi Toffler[1] CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Space has always been a matter of great interest to human race, which gazed and tried to explore this cosmic world for thousands of years. Even our own epics talk a lot about space and its utilisation. The space warfare is as old as Indian mythology. However, Science flourished during the European Renaissance and fundamental physical laws governing planetary motion were discovered, and the orbits of the planets around the Sun were calculated. The Chinese were the first to develop a rocket in around 1212 AD. In 1883, a Russian schoolmaster, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, first explained the mechanics of how a rocket could fly into space.[2]. In the 17th century, astronomers pointed a new device called the telescope at the heavens and made startling discoveries[3]. On 03 Oct 1942, German scientists launched an A-4 rocket, which travelled a distance of 190 km and reached an altitude of over 80 km. Orbital operations started with Soviet Sputnik-1 satellite in 1957[4]. Since then exploration and exploitation of the space has been a continued effort. This led to the unfolding of mysteries of the space world and thus using it for own advantages. Military use of space started with the launch of an American reconnaissance satellite in 1960.[5] Since then, the utilisation of space has been a matter of debate and controversies as far as direct war fighting military roles and missions are concerned. However, the support operations like Intelligence, communication and reconnaissance, which came first, did not face much of resistance. The benefits possible from the space-based support operations were realised very quickly and these operations were extended further to surveillance, mapping, navigation, ground mapping, environmental monitoring etc. Space systems have brought better intelligence and stronger defences by enabling the collection of new types of data and information; significantly increasing communications capabilities and capacities; revolutionizing precision navigation and timing; enriching science; establishing new markets; providing safer air, land, and sea transportation; and enabling faster disaster relief as well as more effective civil planning[6]. The phenomenal utilization and exploitation of the space medium has finally provided the users the power to gain advantage over the enemy. Traditionally, power has been related to explosive ordinance and target destruction. But in the post-Cold War world, the power most often delivered by airmen has taken the form of humanitarian aid: food, medical supplies, and heavy equipment.[7] Also Knowledge is the purest form of power and is the reason that overhead surveillance, reconnaissance, and intelligence-gathering efforts are so important in both war and peace. Information delivered from above can be used to strengthen a friendly regime, discredit an enemy regime, or directly attack the morale of an adversarys frontline troops. They can detect missile launches, nuclear tests and they can provide secure real time communications all over the world. The resolution available with satellite reconnaissance is more than adequate for military needs. The accuracy of GPS is known to us all. In le ss hostile circumstances, the information might consist of humanitarian warnings about impending natural disasters or news about disaster-relief efforts[8]. The meteorological satellites provide accurate weather data from any part of the world. Thus in past few years, space-based systems have enabled dramatic improvement in military and intelligence operations thus enhancing its capability, accuracy and fire power. Thus the Space medium emerging as Space Power and the most effective and widely used force multiplier. METHODOLOGY Statement Of Problem To study and analyse the feasibility of Space Power to evolve as a frontline force multiplier for India and to critically examine the road ahead. Justification Of Study Indias achievement in the field of space capability may not seem to be very advanced especially when compared with the accomplishments of the superpowers and elite members of the satellite club. However, one needs to look at the Indian space programme in isolation to fully understand the tremendous progress and achievements that have been made from such a humble beginning. All the countries have developed launch vehicles as an offshoot of their ballistic missile projects, and their satellites were primarily intended for military use. Non- military applications were a spinoff of the military programmes, whereas India has developed space applications and launch vehicles for totally civilian use. The technology was also used within a broader framework to achieve socio-economic development, and military spin-offs have been incidental. Therefore, India has an inherent advantage as far as civilian support role is concerned however it needs special effort and attitude to develop military support application. Utilization of Space medium and Control of space based assets will be an important ingredient of future world power. President APJ Kalam has stated that accomplishments in space have traditionally been a barometer of international status, technological prowess and enhanced military capability. Rapid advancements in Information Technology, Internet and Com munications are increasingly utilising space based assets. These assets play a decisive role in shaping the outcome of conflicts and are engines that drive economic growths. India and China are likely to be the economic powerhouses of the 21st Century. India is also emerging as a key balancer of Asian stability. By its combined military and space technology, India would be required to contain regional conflicts and prevent unscrupulous exploitation of the Indian Ocean region[9]. Therefore development of space power both for military and civilian use, especially as a force multiplier is must to climb up the pyramid of world power. Perceptions determine actions. The militarys perception of the air and space environment influences the type of space forces it will develop in the future[10]. In Indias context which has belligerent neighbours, space based capabilities are the definite force multiplier. In fact, military strategist call space the new ‘High Ground. Which will bring in revolutionary changes in military affairs. Therefore we need to decide the kind of space force which we need to develop to exploit Space medium to the maximum as a force multiplier to maintain edge in the region. Scope This study analyses the exploitation of Space Force as a force multiplier in the Indian Context. Methods Of Data Collection The information and data for this dissertation has been gathered through internet, various books, papers, journals and newspapers. In addition, lectures delivered by dignitaries at DSSC have been utilised to gather information. The bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the dissertation. Organisation Of The Dissertation It is proposed to study the subject in the following manner:- (a) Chapter I Introduction and Methodology. (b) Chapter II Understanding Space power. (c) Chapter III Roles and Application of Space Power. (d) Chapter IV Space Power as Force Multiplier. (e) Chapter V Indian Capability and the Road Ahead. (f) Chapter VI Recommendations and Conclusion. CHAPTER II UNDERSTANDING SPACE POWER The beginning of wisdom is calling things by their right names. —Confucius Space has fascinated many thinkers, philosophers and Air Warriors equally for a long time. Many a researches and money has gone in exploring and exploiting space but still the concepts are not very clear to many of us. It is extremely important for us to have clear understanding of space before we can evaluate the role and utilization of space medium. Definitions Space Space is void of substance, offers no protection from harmful radiation, and allows only the balance between thrust and gravity with which to maneuver.[11] Space begins where satellites can maintain orbit (81 miles) and extends to infinity.[12] Power is control or authority to influence; the ability to produce an act or event.[13] And Space power is a nations ability to exploit and control the space medium to support and achieve national goals.[14] Gravity The driving force behind all orbital dynamics is the force of gravity and is defined by the law of universal Gravitation given by Isaac Newton in 1687. It states â€Å" Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the particle†.[15] Escape Velocity Satellites maintain orbit around a planet (Earth in our case) at a particular speed at a given height. If the speed is increased, the satellite goes into a higher orbit. Escape velocity is the speed at which the centrifugal force becomes greater than the pull of planetary gravity. The object would then cease to be an Earth-satellite, and start moving away from the earth. At 500 km the escape velocity is 10.8 km/sec.[16] Satellite Inclination Every satellite orbits within a plane that passes through Earths gravitational centre. The angle formed between the orbital plane of the satellite and the plane of the Earths equator. BY convention, it is measured anticlockwise from the equator to the orbital plane at the point where the satellite crosses, passing to north[17]. Orbits with inclination at or closer to 90 degrees are known as ‘polar orbits. ‘Equatorial orbits are those in or very close to the plane of the equator. The rest, between these two limits, are ‘inclined orbits. The combination of the satellites own motion and that of the rotating planet beneath produces a ‘ground track joining the successive points on the planet which fall directly beneath the satellite. The surface area of the planet in line-of-sight or direct communication with any satellite is a function of its altitude and ground track. In the lowest feasible orbits, the area that can be ‘seen by satelli te sensors is no more than that of one of Earths larger cities. Orbital Decay With a perfectly spherical planet of even density, no air resistance, and no minute gravitational pulls from neighbouring bodies (such as Sun, the Moon, and the other planets), a satellite would stay in orbit forever. In the real world these factors upset the balance of forces which sustains the orbit, which causes it to ‘decay, so that the satellite eventually falls to the Earth. For practical purposes, satellites which go below 300 km encounter air resistance serious enough to require intermittent use of on-board boosters to maintain their orbits.[18] Low Earth Orbit (LEO). This orbit ranges from a height of 200 and 5000 km. Polar and highly inclined orbits are favoured for general reconnaissance missions since they give planet-wide coverage. The periods of such range between 90 minutes and a few hours. Sun Synchronous orbit It is the orbit where in the satellite is used for surveillance at optical wave length and whose orbital motion will bring it periodically over the same area of interest at the same sunlight conditions from day to day. These orbital planes are called as Sun Synchronous orbit[19]. These are low earth orbits inclined at about 98 °. Semi-synchronous Orbit. This is circular orbit at 20,700 km with a period of 12 hours. The term is sometimes extended to all orbits between LEO and this orbit. Molniya Orbit. This is a highly elliptical orbit, at an altitude of between 500 40000 km, with a 12 hour period. This orbit is most stable at an inclination of 63 degrees. (At other inclinations gravitational anomalies resulting from irregularities in the shape and density of the planet cause the major axis of such an orbit the line joining the apogee and the perigee points to rotate inconveniently.) This orbit was used by the Soviet Union to provide satellite spending 11 hours out of 12 hours above the northern hemisphere.[20] Geostationary Satellite As the orbital height increases, so orbital period increases. If the orbital height increases to 35875km, the orbital period will be synchronised with the rotation rate of the Earth. Such a satellite would be called a geosynchronous satellite. If these satellite have zero degree of inclination such that these satellites will appear stationary in the sky over a point on the equator to an observer on earth. Such a satellite would be called a geostationary satellite[21]. This is a circular, equatorial orbit at an altitude of 35,700 km. With a period of 24 hours, such satellites appear to remain almost stationary above a fixed point over the equator. In practice, they sometimes describe a very small ‘ of eight ground tracks about such a point. Three or more evenly spaced geostationary satellites can cover most of the planet, except the Polar Regions. These satellites are mainly used for communications or early warning of missiles. Geosynchronous Orbit has li ttle military or other uses because of its large ‘ of eight ground tracks, depending on its inclination. In military discussions the term ‘geostationary, is tending to be replaced by ‘geosynchronous, because the former is the limiting case of the latter. Even a small inclination causes a geostationary satellite to become a ‘strictly speaking geosynchronous one. Military geostationary satellites may sometimes have a use for such a ground track, though seldom for the much wider, true geosynchronous orbit.[22] Super-synchronous Orbit. The orbits above GEO have had little use so far, but offer many options for future military satellites taking refuge from ground based or LEO anti-satellites. Certain points of equilibrium between solar, lunar and terrestrial gravitation are especially interesting.[23] (a) Near-Earth Orbit (NEO) or aerospace extends 50 to 200 kilometers above the Earths surface, incorporating the mesosphere and the lower edge of the ionosphere in an intermediate region where aerodynamics and ballistics interact or succeed each other. In the short term, NEO will remain the primary location for the deployment of manned and unmanned military systems and probable major space industrialization facilities such as a manned space operations center (SOC)[24]. It is through this zone that ballistic missiles must proceed during and after their boost phase and are most vulnerable to antiballistic missile (ABM) systems. However, minimum long-range effects from nuclear explosions are found at altitudes between 50 and 150 kilometers: above 50 kilometers, the mechanical effects of shockwave pressures almost disappear as a consequence of the relatively low air density; below 150 kilometers, the air density is still high enough to reduce the range of corpuscular radiation through di spersion and absorption so that the long-range thermal effect is also not maximum.[25] Therefore, even very powerful nuclear devises in the megaton range must be detonated at relatively close proximity to their intended target at NEO to be effective, although electromagnetic pulse (EMP) effects could seriously disrupt unhardened electronic systems at long-range distances. Nevertheless, targets at NEO, compared to those at higher gravity well zones, are relatively vulnerable to Earth-based intervention because of an inherently short warning time available for the implementation of countermeasures and the minimal amount of energy that the enemy must expend to reach this zone. Conversely, a weapon system such as a fractional orbital bombardment system (FOBS) at NEO could attack targets on Earth with a minimum of warning[26]. (b) (c) The cislunar zone consists of all space between NEO and Lunar Surface Orbit (LSO), including Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO). The cislunar zone provides military systems situated here the defensive option of a longer reaction time to implement countermeasures against Earth- or NEO-based intervention[27]. (d) (e) LSO consists of the zone of space where the Moon orbits the Earth, including Near Lunar Orbit (NLO) or the space immediately surrounding the Moon. (f) (g) The translunar zone is comprised of the space from LSO to approximately one million kilometers from the Earths surface, where the solar gravity well begins to predominate and includes the five Lagrangian points. These final zones will attain increasing military significance as the process of space industrialization evolves. Eventually the Moon and Lagrangian points could be used to dominate the entire Earth-Moon system.[28] Outer Space In the denomination of legal material dealing with the space exploration and nearly the entire space law, the term outer space is commonly used. But this term has not been defined to date with precision despite many attempts undertaken by jurists, International non-governmental and the United Nations bodies[29]. The difference between space and the outer space is generally not recognised. But the former term is wider than the latter and means the whole universe including the earth while outer space means all spaces other than the earth. In fact, outer space begins where the earths atmosphere ends and extends on in all directions infinitely. The upper limit of the air space constitutes the lowest limit of outer space. The outer space in a broader sense also consists of the entire space beyond celestial bodies and their atmosphere. Celestial bodies include all land masses in space and their atmosphere except Earth. Therefore, air space is excluded from outer space. The diff erence between space and outer space is insignificant in so far as the exploration and use of such domain is concerned[30]. (h) The tactical space environment The tactical space environment of the Earth-Moon system can be conceptualized as a series of gravity well zones that are somewhat analogous to terrestrial hills, promontories, and mountains in that much effort and energy must be initially expended to situate forces in such locations. Once attained, however, these positions can be used to dominate the terrain below with relative ease. 1 illustrates in two-dimensional form the gravity well zones of the Earth-Moon system, which are in reality three dimensional spheres[31]. (i) (j) During the next two decades, military space activities and the development of various commercial space enterprises (or space industrialization) will be primarily restricted to this system. Possible military missions in this tactical environment include direct intervention on the Earths surface form space, regulation of the flow of space traffic, protection of military and industrial space facilities, denial of strategic areas of space to others (such as choice satellite orbits at Geosynchronous Earth Orbit and the various Lagrangian points at which objects revolve with the same period as the gravitational Earth-Moon system and thus remain effectively stationary), and various surveillance, reconnaissance, navigation, command, control, and communication functions[32]. CLICHÉ ABOUT SPACE POWER The space power being the latest addition to the force of a Nation, there is still a huge dilemma about its placement, its use whether military or civilian and also its control. Currently, a fully developed space power theory does not exist. USSPACECOM, recognizing the void, has commissioned Dr. Brian R. Sullivan as lead author to develop this theory.[33] Therefore there is requirement to develop a fully fledged theory and doctrine to guide the developed of space power straight from its infancy. Space is the next great arena for exploration and exploitation. We are limited only by imagination to the wonders, challenges and excitement the next century will bring as far as space forces are concerned. Already, civil and commercial sectors have invested billions of dollars in space and the nations military recognizes its role to protect these interests. The debate within the military on how to best exploit this new medium continues. But there is a need to go over few of the basic issues about Space Power to understand it clearly. The militarys current view of the air and space environment seems to simultaneously focus on opposing relationships between the two mediums. Air and space represent two distinct realms and at the same time, they are difficult to separate because of their similarities. These two relationships exist simultaneously and come together to form the following organizational paradigm of the air and space environment: Space and the atmosphere represent two distin ct medium environments physically different from each other; while at the same time, they are physically linked, and theoretically and historically tied.[34] There are few of these set of fundamental issues which require to be vetted if we are to understand space power with the kind of clarity with which we now understand air power and if we are to understand their nexus[35]. First of the issue, is regarding direct use of space as a Space power or weaponising of space to use it as a force itself. We must determine whether space power apply great power quickly to any tangible target on the planet? Many people would answer no to this question because of political restraints on weaponising space. Others would argue for an affirmative answer based on technical, if not political, feasibility. In either case, the question concerning the applicability of the essence remains assumed but undemonstrated. Or perhaps there exists a space power version of the essence that differs from all other military operations, including air power[36]. Also there are concerns regarding the future of space power and the kinds of military operations that are likely to migrate to space. Space may become another battle space, or it may become only a home to military operations focussed on non-lethal activities in support of combat elsewhere. So the major concern is whether space will be used as direct source of force or will continued to be used as a force multiplier only. Why does the military need a space force? The answers to this question shape military space force development by providing a sense of long-term direction, describing how such a force would serve national interests, and prescribing a force structure to fulfill that need. They are foundational answers that ultimately form the basis for space power theory and enable the military to articulate and justify reasons for a military space force. As the military more clearly articulates why space forces are needed, the better it is able to identify specific requirements necessary to achieve those forces. Thus, this question and the next are closely tied together[37]. What should the military do in space? The answers to this question bring the focus from broad to specific. They help formulate the functions and missions of a military space force, and provide the framework for establishing detailed force requirements. To summarize, the answers to the question of who establish the advocates for a military space force development. The answers to the questions of why and what together develop and identify long term direction, and offer short-term input to the resource allocation process.[38] The next issue is to do with the control of space power. This will mainly emerge from our innovation, imagination and farsightedness. Air Power being the strongest contender of claiming the control of space, there is need to deeply study the relationship between Space power and Air Power. This relationship can be well understood only by defining and studying the relationship between space and Air. Who should lead and develop military space forces? This question addresses the need to focus on finding the best organization, or mix of organizations, to advocate a military space force. Military space advocates must be able to justify—on military grounds alone—the necessity of military forces in space. These organizations are the stewards that provide both administrative control over the forces that support military space power, and the war-fighting control of these forces during employment of that power. A space force advocate embraces and promotes the ideals for a military space force, and garners the support necessary to establish such a force[39]. Air and Space relationship The defining characteristic of air power is an operational regime ele ­vated above the earths surface. Conceptually, space power would seem to be more of the same at a higher elevation. The term aerospace, coined in the late 1950s, echoes this same theme, as do official pronouncements such as although there are physical differences between the atmosphere and space, there is no absolute boundary between them. The same basic military activities can be performed in each, albeit with different platforms and methods.[40] The move from earth to space transitsis through the air environment, thereby inherently bringing about a linkage as no space launch or recovery can take place without transiting through the air medium. Any differentiation between the two would be superficial and indefinable. In future, the air and space mediums would provide a seamless environment where Trans Atmospheric Vehicles (TAVs) and re-usable hypersonic vehicles could exploit it freely. In addition, with increas ed proliferation of Ballistic Missiles and development of potent nuclear warheads, there is a need to extend the current Air Defence capabilities to space to ensure that the threats emanating from the air and space environment can be effectively tackled.[41] While the physical borders between the land, sea and air are readily evident, the physical border between air and space is not as clear. The atmosphere gradually disappears and space gradually starts. Furthermore, from a physical point of view, earths entire connection to space is through the atmosphere. Every movement into space begins with movement through air. Thus, from a physical point of view, space is linked with air.[42] Conceptually thinking, we cannot easily ignore the vast differences between operations in the atmosphere and in space? Current military thought suggests that space is a medium separate and distinct from the atmosphere with physical characteristics unique enough that a barrier forms between the two. The atmosphere is a realm of substance offering the advantages of protection from radiation, thermal transfer of heat and the ability to produce and control lift and drag. These aspects of the air medium make it considerably different than the realm of space.[43] Space assets are differentiated from air platforms by being non-air breathing. Military force includes all of the civilian elements such as contractor support that are required to sustain air or space operations.[44] It is difficult to analyse these and many more issues dealing with space without a general, overarching theory of space power. The task is made even more difficult by several other factors, such as the limited experience base in military space operations, the tight security classification concerning much of what goes on in space, and the thoroughly sub-divided responsibility for space operations. Thus, we have a conundrum-a jig-saw puzzle that will someday picture how space power fits or doesnt fit with air power. Solving the puzzle represents a major leadership challenge.[45] The answers to these questions will drive the future direction the military takes in space. Fundamentally influencing these answers is the militarys organizationally held perceptions of the air and space environment itself. The militarys view of this environment not only shapes the role the military sees for itself in space, but affects how it develops space forces necessary to support that role.[46] CHAPTER III Air and space power is a critical—and decisive—element in protecting our nation and deterring aggression. It will only remain so if we as professional airmen study, evaluate, and debate our capabilities and the environment of the future. Just as technology and world threat and opportunities change, so must our doctrine. We, each of us, must be the articulate and knowledgeable advocates of air and space power. —General Michael E. Ryan ROLES AND APPLICATIONS OF SPACE POWER Victory smiles upon those who anticipate the changes in the character of war not upon those who wait to adapt themselves after the changes occur. Guilio Douhet Man has a compelling urge to explore, to discover and to try to go where no one has ever been before. As most of the Earth has already been explored and even though it is going to be there for a very long time, men have now turned to space exploration as their next objective.[47] Space has provided us with huge capability because of its reach and ubiquity. The roles and applications of Space range widely from direct military roles of using it as a platform to launch weapons or support role of enhancing the capabilities of human beings in both military and civil field. Thus as we race into the next decade, a new frontier seems to be opening up in space with vast potential for military, science and exploration activities. So far as the armed forces are concerned, the sensor like satellites would provide them with unheard-of capabilities in a large number of fields.[48] Space power is becoming an in ­creasingly important aspect of na ­tional strength, but experts disagree about how best to develop its poten ­tial. Like airpower, space power relies heavily upon advanced technology, but technology is useless unless space professionals apply it properly. Air Force leaders recognize that the service needs to nurture a team of highly dedicated space professionals who are prepared to exploit advanced technologies and operating concepts. Concern about the fu ­ture direction of military activities in space has spurred debate over which technologies to produce and how best to develop space professionals. Moral, theoretical, and doc ­trinal questions also loom large. Underlying all of these considerations are political and diplomatic factors[49]. Supporting Role Today, space power pro ­vides supporting functions such as commu ­nications, reconnaissance, and navigation by global positioning system (GPS) satellites. By the end of 1999, at least 2300 military oriented satellites had already been launched. The functions of military satellites, which constitute about 75% of all satellites orbited, ranged from navigation, communications, meteorological and reconnaissance[50]. New technologies move large amounts of data around the world at the speed of light. Al-though a century ago people would have con ­sidered such feats science fiction, modern space capabilities make these and so many more things, reality. Space power has transformed our society and our military. Today, at the outset of the twenty-first century, we simply cannot live—or fight and win—without it. Operation Desert Storm is considered as the first space war, however the supporting role of space like providing near real time data from communicati on and meteorological satellites, was present during the war in Vietnam also. The Gulf War of 1991, however, was the â€Å"first conflict in history to make comprehensive use of space systems support.† [51] The support provided by the space based operations has enhanced the military capabilities drastically such that these operations have become inseparable part of every military operation. Some of these roles have been described as under: (a) Communication Satellites Communicating with deployed forces has always presented the military commanders with a problem. This is especially true in todays fast moving world when troops may have to be deployed anywhere in the world at a very short notice. The orbit used by communication satellite is the geostationary orbit. Three of